Understanding The Memcached Source Code - Slab I

slab allocator (I - this article , II , III) is the core module of the cache system, which largely determines how efficient the bottleneck resource, memory, can be utilized. The other 3 parts, namely,

LRU algorithm (I , II , III) for entry expiration; and an

event driven model (I , II , III) based on libevent; and

consistent hashing for data distribution,

are built around it.

Variants of slab allocator is implemented in other systems, such as nginx and Linux kernel, to fight a common problem called memory fragmentation. And this article will, of course, focus on Memcached‘s implementation of the algorithm.

memcached version: 1.4.28

Firstly, let’s answer some questions.

Introduction

What is a slab

slabs are pre-allocated 1M memory chunks that can be subdivided for numerous objects. They are grouped into slab classes to serve allocation requests for various sizes.

What is memory fragmentation, how it occurs

In particular, slab allocator curbs internal memory fragmentation. This kind of fragmentation exits within an allocated memory chunk. In the context of OS kernel, for instance, the fundamental unit allocated by memory management sub-system is called a page.

On the other hand, external memory fragmentation exists across chunks, and the solution of which (keyword: buddy) belongs to another story.

The most common phenomenon where internal fragmentation causes the problem is as following:

1) malloc of small objects is called a lot of times; and in the meantime;

2) free of those objects is called a lot of times.

The above process generates (a lot of) nominal “free” memory that cannot be utilized, as the discrete holes of various sizes, or fragments, can not be reused by subsequent mallocs for any objects that are larger than them.

Why memory fragmentation is bad

The impact of memory fragmentation is similar to that of memory leak - periodical system reboot is inevitable whenever the fragments accumulate to a certain level, which, increase the complexity in system operation, or even worse, leads to bad user experiences.

How the problem is fixed

Slab allocator does not eliminate internal fragmentation. Instead, it converges the fragments and locks them in fixated memory locations. This is done by 1) categorizing objects of similar sizes in classes; and 2) allocating objects belonging to the same class only on the same group of “slabs”, or, a slab class.

The detail devil is in the code, so we start reading the code.

reminder: Memcached version is 1.4.28

The core data structure in use

typedef struct {
    unsigned int size;      /* sizes of items */
    unsigned int perslab;   /* how many items per slab */

    void *slots;           /* list of item ptrs */
    unsigned int sl_curr;   /* total free items in list */

    unsigned int slabs;     /* how many slabs were allocated for this class */

    void **slab_list;       /* array of slab pointers */
    unsigned int list_size; /* size of prev array */

    size_t requested; /* The number of requested bytes */
} slabclass_t;

static slabclass_t slabclass[MAX_NUMBER_OF_SLAB_CLASSES];

slabclass_t@slabs.c

Module initialization

In this section we examine slabs_init that initializes slabclass[MAX_NUMBER_OF_SLAB_CLASSES] array. In particular, this process initializes the values of two fields, i.e., slabclass_t.size, the item (object) size of each slab class, and slabclass_t.perslab the item number one slab contains. This method is called from here as one of the init steps before the logic enters the main even loop.

...
    assoc_init(settings.hashpower_init);
    conn_init();
    slabs_init(settings.maxbytes, settings.factor, preallocate,
               use_slab_sizes ? slab_sizes : NULL);
...

main@memcached.c:5977

In this step slab_sizes and settings.factor jointly control the routes in which sizes of each slab class are decided, they are:

uint32_t slab_sizes[MAX_NUMBER_OF_SLAB_CLASSES];

main@memcached.c:5372

settings.factor = 1.25;

settings_init@memcached.c:217

a) if slab_sizes is not NULL, the values within the array are used directly; and

b) otherwise, the sizes are calculated as base size × n × settings.factor where n is the index within slabclass.

Besides the default values, the two arguments can be set at runtime as well.

...
        case 'f':
            settings.factor = atof(optarg);
            if (settings.factor <= 1.0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Factor must be greater than 1\n");
                return 1;
            }
            break;
...
        case 'o': /* It's sub-opts time! */
...
            case SLAB_SIZES:
                if (_parse_slab_sizes(subopts_value, slab_sizes)) {
                    use_slab_sizes = true;
                } else {
                    return 1;
                }
            break;
...

main@memcached.c:5558, 5810

The other two arguments of this method settings.maxbytes and preallocate will be discussed soon. For now we set false to preallocate and ignore the relevant logic flow.

Next we look at the slabs_init itself.

void slabs_init(const size_t limit, const double factor, const bool prealloc, const uint32_t *slab_sizes) {
    int i = POWER_SMALLEST /* scr: 1 */ - 1;
    unsigned int size = sizeof(item) + settings.chunk_size; // scr: ---------> b 1)
...
    memset(slabclass, 0, sizeof(slabclass));

    while (++i < MAX_NUMBER_OF_SLAB_CLASSES-1) {
        if (slab_sizes != NULL) { // scr: -----------------------------------> a 1)
            if (slab_sizes[i-1] == 0)
                break;
            size = slab_sizes[i-1];
        } else if (size >= settings.item_size_max / factor) {
            break;
        }
        /* Make sure items are always n-byte aligned */
        if (size % CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES) // scr: ---------------------------------> 2)
            size += CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES - (size % CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES);

        slabclass[i].size = size;
        slabclass[i].perslab = settings.item_size_max / slabclass[i].size; // -> 3)
        if (slab_sizes == NULL)
            size *= factor; // scr: -----------------------------------------> b 4)
        if (settings.verbose > 1) {
            fprintf(stderr, "slab class %3d: chunk size %9u perslab %7u\n",
                    i, slabclass[i].size, slabclass[i].perslab);
        }
    }
    // scr: -------------------------------------------------------------------> 5)
    power_largest = i;
    slabclass[power_largest].size = settings.item_size_max;
    slabclass[power_largest].perslab = 1;
...
}

slabs_init@slabs.c

Route a

1) use the values in slab_sizes;

2) align the size to CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES, and give the result to slabclass[i].size;

3) calculate the slabclass[i].perslab;

5) use the settings.item_size_max to initialize the last slab class.

Note that settings.item_size_max is the size of each slab, hence it is also the max size of items that are allocated on slabs. Likewise, the value of settings.item_size_max can be decided in runtime.

settings.item_size_max = 1024 * 1024;

settings_init@memcached.c:226

case 'I':
    buf = strdup(optarg);
    unit = buf[strlen(buf)-1];
    if (unit == 'k' || unit == 'm' ||
        unit == 'K' || unit == 'M') {
        buf[strlen(buf)-1] = '\0';
        size_max = atoi(buf);
        if (unit == 'k' || unit == 'K')
            size_max *= 1024;
        if (unit == 'm' || unit == 'M')
            size_max *= 1024 * 1024;
        settings.item_size_max = size_max;
    } else {
        settings.item_size_max = atoi(buf);
    }
    free(buf);
    if (settings.item_size_max < 1024) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Item max size cannot be less than 1024 bytes.\n");
        return 1;
    }
    if (settings.item_size_max > 1024 * 1024 * 128) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Cannot set item size limit higher than 128 mb.\n");
        return 1;
    }
    if (settings.item_size_max > 1024 * 1024) {
        fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Setting item max size above 1MB is not"
            " recommended!\n"
            " Raising this limit increases the minimum memory requirements\n"
            " and will decrease your memory efficiency.\n"
        );
    }
    break;

main@memcached.c:5626

Route b

1) calculate the base size with settings.chunk_size plus the extra bytes for metadata (item will be discussed in following articles);

2) align the size to CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES, and give the result to slabclass[i].size; (same to route a)

3) calculate the slabclass[i].perslab; (same to route a)

4) calculate the size for the next slab class using factor (settings.factor);

5) use the settings.item_size_max to initialize the last slab class. (same to route a)

References

memcached wiki

第2回　memcachedのメモリストレージを理解する

Memcached源码分析之存储机制Slabs（7）

Understanding Malloc

Ch8 - Slab Allocator

The Slab Allocator:An Object-Caching Kernel Memory Allocator